Drug intoxication is characterised by the physical and psychological changes experienced due to the consumption of narcotics affecting one’s judgment, coordination and overall functioning. This condition, which results from the use of drugs or alcohol, has a long history of leading individuals towards addiction, posing significant challenges to society. Recognising the signs of intoxication, such as slurred speech and impaired coordination, is fundamental for providing the necessary care. Treatment centers and rehab facilities play an essential role in helping individuals recover by offering therapy, education and support to address the root causes of substance abuse. The addiction recovery community has developed specific terminology, such as “high,” “buzzed,” “withdrawal,” and “cravings,” to describe the various aspects of drug intoxication, aiding in effective communication and treatment approaches. Understanding these terms is key to navigating the recovery process and seeking help.

Acute Intoxication

Acute intoxication happens when a person experiences severe and potentially life-threatening symptoms after consuming a toxic substance, either by its nature or the amount taken. This condition is usually intense and short-lived but can rapidly worsen making immediate and appropriate treatment in the emergency department (ED) crucial.

Drug abuse, including the use of cannabis, cocaine, opiates and synthetic drugs, is on the rise, particularly among the youth. This trend is leading to an increase in intoxication cases seen in the ED, often requiring hospitalization. A significant portion of students with 34.2% admitting to using illegal psychoactive substances at some point and 26% in the past year alone, points to the gravity of this issue.

The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly advises against the use of drugs and alcohol for those under 16, noting that starting to drink before 16 greatly increases the risk of addiction in adulthood and other serious outcomes like injuries, academic failure and violence.

Many patients treated in hospitals for substance use disorders are not previously known to local services and lack follow-up care. Identifying intoxicated patients correctly in the ED is fundamental for risk management and setting the right diagnostic and therapeutic course to avoid clinical errors. The review suggests that a temporary observation unit (TOU) in the ED could significantly improve the management of acute drug intoxication cases.

Poly Drug Intoxication

Combined Drug Intoxication (CDI) or polydrug abuse, poses significant health risks, particularly when substances are mixed, leading to unpredictable and often dangerous effects. Habitual use of a single substance already carries a risk for health emergencies but combining substances, including alcohol with prescription or illicit drugs, substantially increases this risk. This has been reflected in a rise in emergency room visits with many involving the concurrent use of alcohol and another drug. Certain drug combinations like stimulants or depressants together, can lead to severe outcomes such as heart attacks or respiratory failure. Further to that polydrug abuse can escalate the likelihood of developing an addiction to multiple substances, further deteriorating mental and physical health. Health professionals strongly advise against mixing any drugs, whether prescribed or not, without medical supervision. Symptoms of CDI can range from drowsiness and slurred speech to more severe effects like paranoia and loss of consciousness, marking the thin line between intoxication and overdose. The latter can result in irreversible damage or even death, highlighting the critical importance of avoiding polydrug use and seeking immediate medical attention for suspected overdoses.

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